All do files are cleaned and combined into all.do file.

The vehicle registrations data were obtained under license agreement from Shanghai Timer Automotive Consulting Co., Ltd. For anyone seeking to obtain the data from this company, please email the authors of this paper for contact information.

All socioeconomic information (including city level income, the number of people employed in the education sector, the size of the built area in the city, the area of paved roads, population, the number of buses and taxis in the public transportation system, and total retail sales) has been obtained from China City Statistical Yearbook, which can be accessed through CEIC's proprietary China Premium database (https://info.ceicdata.com/en-products-china-premium-database).

Access to the CEIC database requires a subscription, therefore, we have not included the data files used to generate the results.
